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Long Short-Term Memory Networks for Traffic Flow Forecasting: Exploring Input Variables, Time Frames and Multi-Step Approaches
Volume 31, Issue 4 (2020), pp. 723–749
Pub. online: 6 October 2020      Type: Research Article      Open accessOpen Access
Received
1 June 2019
Accepted
1 September 2020
Published
6 October 2020

Abstract

Traffic flow forecasting is an acknowledged time series problem whose solutions have been essentially grounded on statistical-based models. Recent times came, however, with promising results regarding the use of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), such as Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTMs), to accurately address time series problems. Literature is, however, evasive in regard to several aspects of the conceived models and often exhibits misconceptions that may lead to important pitfalls. This study aims to conceive and find the best possible LSTM model for traffic flow forecasting while addressing several important aspects of such models such as the multitude of input features, the time frames used by the model and the employed approach for multi-step forecasting. To overcome the spatial problem of open source datasets, this study presents and describes a new dataset collected by the authors of this work. After several weeks of model fitting, Recursive Multi-Step Multi-Variate models were the ones showing better performance, strengthening the perception that LSTMs can be used to accurately forecast the traffic flow for several future timesteps.

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Biographies

Fernandes Bruno
bruno.fmf.8@gmail.com

B. Fernandes holds a Master’s degree in informatics engineering from the University of Minho, in Braga, Portugal. At this same university he is now concluding his PhD in informatics. He currently holds a doctoral grant, which allows him to be fully dedicated to his research at the ALGORITMI Centre, a research unit of the School of Engineering of the University of Minho. He is also an invited assistant professor at the same university, lecturing machine learning and intelligent systems. His current research interests include smart cities, internet of people, machine learning, multi-agent systems, blockchain, and road safety.

Silva Fabio
fabiosilva@di.uminho.pt

F. Silva obtained a PhD in informatics, in 2016, from the University of Minho in Braga, Portugal. Currently, he is a post-doc researcher at the ALGORITMI Centre at the same university. His current research interests include computational sustainability, smart cities, multi-agent support systems, and urban transportation.

Alaiz-Moreton Hector
hector.moreton@unileon.es

H. Alaiz-Moreton received his degree in computer science, performing the final project at Dublin Institute of Technology, in 2003. He received his PhD in information technologies in 2008 (University of Leon). He has worked as a lecturer since 2005 at the school of engineering at the University of Leon. His research interests include knowledge engineering, machine and deep learning, networks communication, and security. He has several works published in international conferences, as well as books and scientific papers in peer reviewed journals. He has been a member of scientific committees in conferences. He has headed several PhD thesis and research projects.

Novais Paulo
pjon@di.uminho.pt

P. Novais is a full professor of computer science at the Department of Informatics, in the University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, and a researcher at the ALGORITMI Centre. He received a PhD in computer science from the same university, in 2003. He develops scientific research in the field of artificial intelligence, namely knowledge representation and reasoning, machine learning and multi-agent systems, with applications to the areas of law and ambient intelligence.

Neves Jose
jneves@di.uminho.pt

J. Neves is an emeritus professor at the Department of Informatics at the School of Engineering at the University of Minho and is a researcher at the ALGORITMI Centre. He has his graduation in chemical engineering, MSc, PhD and habilitation degrees, respectively, from the universities of University of Coimbra (1976), Portugal, Heriot Watt (1981, 1983), Edinburgh, Scotland, and the University of Minho, Portugal (1988). He was the founder of the artificial intelligence area at the University of Minho. His research interests include, among others, artificial intelligence, machine learning, knowledge representation and reasoning, and evolutionary computing.

Analide Cesar
analide@di.uminho.pt

C. Analide is a professor at the Department of Informatics of the University of Minho and a researcher and founder member of ISLab – Synthetic Intelligence Laboratory, a branch of the ALGORITMI Centre at University of Minho. His main interests are in the areas of knowledge representation, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, and sensorization.


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Copyright
© 2020 Vilnius University
Open access article under the CC BY license.

Funding
This work has been supported by FCT – Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia within the R&D Units Project Scope: UIDB/00319/2020. It was also partially supported by a Portuguese doctoral grant, SFRH/BD/130125/2017, issued by FCT in Portugal.

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