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Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review of Implementation Barriers, Trust, Literacy and Institutional Readiness
Volume 36, Issue 4 (2025), pp. 903–928
Bruno Lins   Maria José Sousa   Ricardo Correia   Álvaro Rocha  

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https://doi.org/10.15388/25-INFOR611
Pub. online: 24 November 2025      Type: Research Article      Open accessOpen Access

Received
1 July 2025
Accepted
1 October 2025
Published
24 November 2025

Abstract

Blockchain technology is transforming the healthcare sector by addressing challenges such as data security and interoperability. This systematic literature review, conducted using the PRISMA 2020 methodology, synthesises findings from 25 peer-reviewed studies to examine the applications, challenges, and future directions of blockchain in healthcare. Results reveal that most studies are theoretical or review-based, followed by case studies, with a small proportion of experimental research. This distribution highlights the early stage of blockchain research in healthcare and emphasises the need for empirical and experimental investigations. By synthesising findings, this study provides an overview of the current state of art regarding blockchain in healthcare.

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Biographies

Lins Bruno
bruno.lins@iscte-iul.pt

B. Lins PhD candidate in strategic and innovation management - technology and dynamic capabilities at the Business Research Unit (BRU) in ISCTE - Lisbon. He holds a Master’s degree in political science from the University of Aveiro and a Bachelor’s degree in law from the Catholic University of Pernambuco in Brazil. He works as a researcher at BRU-ISCTE, conducting applied research in change management and the implementation of technological innovations in the public and health sectors. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, his research examines how socio-technical factors, including digital literacy, trust, and organisational readiness, interact to influence the implementation of emerging technologies, such as blockchain, in Portuguese healthcare institutions.

Bruno has participated in several European-funded projects (Erasmus+, Horizon, ICMPD), contributing to methodological design, survey and interview development, qualitative and quantitative data collection, NVivo-based analysis, technical reporting and scientific publication. Bruno has contributed to various research outputs, including conference proceedings, journal articles, book chapters and technical guides.

Before embarking on an academic career, he practised law for over 20 years, including 10 years in law firm management, specialised in business, compliance and contract law. This professional experience informs his interdisciplinary approach to questions of governance, regulatory frameworks and institutional decision-making in digital transformation. He was recognised for his work with the Best PhD Paper Award at FUTURES 2025 and the Emerging Scholar Award in 2024.

Sousa Maria José

M.J. Sousa (PhD in industrial management, with aggregation in management and public management) is a lecturer and researcher at ISCTE/Lisbon University Institute. She was vice-rector between March 2022 and January 2024 and was a member of the scientific committee for the PhD programme in Law and Economics (Cycle XXXIX), Università degli Studi del Molise. She is currently a member of the Advisory Board of Banco Português de Fomento, for the area of public policy. She held a postdoctoral position from 2016 to 2018, researching the area of digital education, with several publications in high impact factor journals (Journal of Business Research, Journal of Grid Computing, Future Generation Computer Systems, and others). She worked as an expert on a European Commission project to create a new category of digital skills to be integrated into the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS). She was a member of the Coordinating Committee for the Doctorate in Management at the European University. She was also a Senior Researcher at the GEE (Office of Strategy and Studies) of the Portuguese Ministry of Economy, responsible for innovation, research and entrepreneurship policies, and Knowledge and Skills Manager at AMA, IP, Agency for Administrative Modernisation (Ministry of the Presidency and Council of Ministers). She was also a project manager at the Ministry of Labour and Employment, responsible for innovation projects, skills assessment and development projects. Her current research interests are public policies for innovation and research. She is a co-author of more than 180 scientific articles and book chapters (European Planning Studies, Information Systems Frontiers, Systems Research and Behavioural Science, Computational and Mathematical Organisation Theory, and others). She is a guest editor of more than 10 special editions of Elsevier and Springer. She was President of ISO/TC 260 – Human Resource Management, representing Portugal at the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). She has coordinated several European innovation projects (funded by programmes such as Erasmus+, Horizon Europe and ICMPD) and is also an External Expert of the COST Association – European Cooperation in Science and Technology.

Correia Ricardo

R. Correia is the chief Product Officer at BioGHP, operating at the intersection of people, business, and technology to drive innovation in the Web3 ecosystem. He focuses on designing scalable digital products, aligning cross-functional teams, and transforming complex ideas into user-centric solutions. With a strong background in product strategy and emerging technologies, Ricardo helps organizations unlock new value through decentralized innovation and data-driven decision-making.

Rocha Álvaro

Á. Rocha holds the title of honorary professor, and holds habilitation in information science, PhD in information systems and technologies, MSc in information management, and BSc in computer science. He is a professor of Information Systems at the University of Lisbon – ISEG, Honorary Professor at the Amity University, researcher at the ADVANCE (the ISEG Centre for Advanced Research in Management), and a collaborator researcher at the CINTESIS (Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems). His main research interests are: maturity models, management information systems, quality of information systems, intelligent information systems, cybersecurity, e-government, e-health, and information technology in education. He is also the vice-chair of the IEEE Portugal Section, Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society Chapter, and Founder and Editor-in-Chief of two journals: World Journal of Information Systems; and RISTI – Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação / Iberian Journal of Information Systems and Technologies. Additionally, he is the scientific manager of the Information Systems Engineering & Management book series at Springer-Nature, the world’s leading publisher of publications in Science, Technology, and Health. Moreover, he has served as Vice-Chair of Experts for the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 Program, and as an Expert at the COST – intergovernmental framework for European Cooperation in Science and Technology, at the European Commission’s Horizon Europe Program, at the Government of Italy’s Ministry of Universities and Research, at the Government of Latvia’s Ministry of Finance, at the Government of Mexico’s National Council of Science and Technology, at the Government of Poland’s National Science Centre, at the Government of Cyprus’s Research and Innovation Foundation, and at the Government of Slovakia’s Research Agency.

Álvaro Rocha is World’s Top 1% Scientist by Stanford University and Elsevier, World’s Top 0.05% Scientist by ScholarGPS, and World’s Top 1% Scientist by ResearchGate in the Information Systems field. Álvaro Rocha is World’s Top 1% Scientist by Stanford University and Elsevier, World’s Top 0.05% Scientist by ScholarGPS, and World’s Top 1% Scientist by ResearchGate, in the Information Systems field.


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Keywords
blockchain in healthcare data security and interoperability blockchain adoption challenges PRISMA

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