A New Decision Making Method Using Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Cosine Similarity Measure Based on the Weighted Reduced Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets

In this paper, we develop a new flexible method for interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy decision-making problems with cosine similarity measure. We first introduce the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measure based on the notion of the weighted reduced intuitionistic fuzzy sets. With this cosine similarity measure, we are able to accommodate the attitudinal character of decision-makers in the similarity measuring process. We study some of its essential properties and propose the weighted interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measure. Further, the work uses the idea of GOWA operator to develop the ordered weighted interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity (OWIVIFCS) measure based on the weighted reduced intuitionistic fuzzy sets. The main advantage of the OWIVIFCS measure is that it provides a parameterized family of cosine similarity measures for interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets and considers different scenarios depending on the attitude of the decision-makers. The measure is demonstrated to satisfy some essential properties, which prepare the ground for applications in different areas. In addition, we define the quasi-ordered weighted interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity (quasi-OWIVIFCS) measure. It includes a wide range of particular cases such as OWIVIFCS measure, trigonometric-OWIVIFCS measure, exponential-OWIVIFCS measure, radical-OWIVIFCS measure. Finally, the study uses the OWIVIFCS measure to develop a new decision-making method to solve real-world decision problems with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information. A reallife numerical example of contractor selection is also given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed approach in solving real-life problems.


Introduction
introduced the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) as a generalization of the concept of fuzzy sets proposed by Zadeh (1965) in 1965. An IFS is characterized by two functions expressing the degree of membership and the degree of nonmembership, respectively. Later, Atanassov and Gargov (1989) further extended the IFS to interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set (IVIFS) whose membership and non-membership functions take values in terms of interval numbers rather than real numbers. Intervalvalued intuitionistic fuzzy sets provide more flexibility to represent vague information in comparison to IFSs. In the past three decades, IFSs and IVIFSs have been successfully applied in different application areas. The basic concepts and practical application of IFSs and IVIFSs in can be found in Atanassov (1994Atanassov ( , 2005, Sharma (2012, 2013a), Vlochos and Sergiadis (2007), Sharma (2013b, 2013c), Park et al. (2009), Verma and Sharma (2011), Aggarwal and Khan (2016), De et al. (2001), Xu (2010), Ye (2012), , Zeng et al. (2016), Zhao and Xu (2016), Zhang et al. (2019).
A similarity measure is an essential tool for determining the degree of similarity between two objects. In 2002, Denfeng and Chuntian (2002) introduced the definition of a similarity measure for IFSs and proposed a measure of similarity between IFSs. Mitchell (2003) presented a modified version of Denfeng and Chuntian's similarity for intervalvalued intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Later, Liang and Shi (2003) developed several similarity measures to distinguish different IFSs and discussed the relationship between these measures. Szmidt and Kacprzyk (2013) defined a similarity measure for IFSs using a distance measure. Hong and Kim (1995), Hung and Yang (2004), Xu (2008) defined independently some intuitionistic fuzzy similarity measures based on different distance measures for IFSs. In 2011, Ye (2011) proposed cosine similarity measure for IFSs as the idea parallel to the concept of fuzzy cosine similarity measure Salton and McGill (1983) and applied it to solve pattern recognition and medical diagnosis related problems. Further, Hung and Wang (2012) pointed out some drawbacks of Ye's cosine similarity measure and defined a modified cosine similarity measure for IFSs. Using the idea of generalized ordered weighted aggregation (GOWA) operator Yager (2004), Zhou et al. (2014), proposed the intuitionistic fuzzy ordered weighted cosine similarity (IFOWCS) measure and made a comparative study among different similarity measures.
In many complex decision-making problems, the preference information provided by the decision-makers is often imprecise or uncertain due to the increasing complexity of the social-economic environment or a lack of data about the problem domain or the expert's lack of expertise to precisely express their preferences over the considered objects. In such cases, it is suitable and convenient to express the decision-maker's preference information in terms of IVIFSs. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the study of the similarity measure for IVIFSs. There is some progress in this direction. Xu (2007) generalized some similarity measures of IFSs to IVIFSs, which are based on distance measures for IVIFSs. Zhang et al. (2011) proposed an efficient method to calculate the degree of similarity between IVIFSs based on the Hausdorff metric. Wei et al. (2011) developed a new method to construct the similarity measure for IVIFSs by using entropy function. In 2012, Singh (2012) defined a cosine similarity measure for IVIFSs and applied it to solve pattern recognition problems. Further, Ye (2013) studied a new cosine similarity measure with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information and demonstrated its application in multiple attribute decision-making problems. Recently,  proposed the notion of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy ordered weighted cosine similarity measure and developed a method to solve group decision-making problems.
Note that the cosine similarity measures introduced by Singh (2012) and Ye (2013) are used only for the middle points and the boundary points of the intervals, respectively, to measure the degree of similarity between two IVIFSs. Due to this limitation, we cannot accommodate the decision maker's attitude in the measuring process. It shows the inability and rigidness of the measures in solving real-world decision problems. So, we need a flexible cosine similarity measure to accommodate the decision maker's attitude preferences in the measuring process under an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment.
To do so, we first propose a new cosine similarity measure for IVIFSs based on the weighted reduced intuitionistic fuzzy sets (Ye, 2012). Secondly, using the idea of GOWA operator (Yager, 2004), we develop a generalized cosine similarity measure for IVIFSs. We call it 'ordered weighted interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity (OWIVIFCS) measure'. This extension provides flexibility/choices at the aggregation stage and gives a parameterized family of cosine similarity measures. Furthermore, the work also develops a more general cosine similarity measure between IVIFSs based on quasi-arithmetic means. The applicability of the proposed approach is studied in decisionmaking problems with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 briefly reviews the basic concepts related to fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets, and OWA operators. Section 3 introduces a cosine similarity measure for IVIFSs with some mathematical properties and special cases. Further, a weighted cosine similarity measure for IVIFSs is also defined. In Section 4 we propose the ordered weighted interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity (OWIVIFCS) measure between two intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Some properties and different families of the OWIVIFCS measure are also analysed. Futhermore, the quasi-OWIVIFCS measure is presented. Section 5, using the OWIVIFCS measure, develops a multiple criteria decision-making model to solve real-world decision problems with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information and illustrate with a numerical example. Section 6 summarizes the main results and conclusions of the paper.

Preliminaries
In this section, we present some basic concepts related to fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, interval-valued fuzzy sets, and OWA operators, which will be needed in the following analysis.
A cosine similarity measure is defined as the inner product of two vectors divided by the product of their lengths. This is nothing but the cosine of the angle between the vectors representation of two fuzzy sets.
Definition 3 (Intuitionistic fuzzy set, Atanassov, 1986). An intuitionistic fuzzy set A * in a finite universe of discourse X = {x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n } is given by where For each x ∈ X, the numbers η A * (x) and ψ A * (x) denote the degree of membership and degree of non-membership of x to A * , respectively. Further, we call ξ A * (x) = 1 − η A * (x) − ψ A * (x), the degree of hesitance or the intuitionistic index of x ∈ X to A * .
For convenience, we abbreviate the set of all IFSs defined in X by IFS(X). In 2011, Ye (2013 extended the idea of cosine similarity measure from fuzzy sets to intuitionistic fuzzy set theory and proposed a cosine similarity measure for IFSs. Later, Hung and Wang (2012) pointed out some drawbacks of Ye's cosine similarity measure and defined a modified cosine similarity measure for IFSs as follows: Definition 4 (Cosine similarity measure for IFSs, Hung and Wang, 2012). Let A * and B * be two intuitionistic fuzzy sets in X = {x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n } having membership values η A * (x i ) and η B * (x i ), i = 1, 2, . . . , n, and non-membership values ψ A * (x i ) and ψ B * (x i ), i = 1, 2, . . . , n, respectively.
A cosine similarity measure between two intuitionistic fuzzy sets A * and B * is defined as follows: Atanassov and Gargov (1989) introduced the notion of the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set by generalizing the idea of IFSs.
Definition 5 (Interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set, Atanassov and Gargov, 1989). Let X = {x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n } be a finite universe of discourse and D[0, 1] denote all the closed subintervals of the interval [0, 1]. An interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set A in X is defined as: where with the condition Here the intervals , respectively, denote the degrees of membership and non-membership of x ∈ X to A.
For any x ∈ X, we call the interval the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy index (hesitancy degree) of x ∈ X to A. We will represent the set of all IVIFSs defined in X by IVIFS(X).
, then the given IVIFS A is converted to an ordinary IFS.
In the study of IVIFSs, the set-theoretic operations are defined as follows: Definition 6 (Set-theoretic operations on IVIFSs, Atanassov and Gargov, 1989). Let A, B ∈ IVIFS(X) given by then some set operations can be defined as follows: where ∨, ∧ stand for max. and min. operators, respectively. Singh (2012) defined the cosine similarity measure between IVIFSs A and B as follows In 2013, Ye (2013) proposed a new formula of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measure between two IVIFSs A and B given by Ye (2012) developed a method for transforming the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets into the weighted reduced intuitionistic fuzzy sets. The method is briefly outlined below: Definition 7 (Method for transforming IVIFSs into the weighted reduced IFSs). Let A be an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set defined in X. Also, two weight vectors are U = (u 1 , u 2 ) and V = (v 1 , v 2 ), u 1 , u 2 , v 1 , v 2 ∈ [0, 1] with u 1 + u 2 = 1, and v 1 + v 2 = 1. Then, the weighted reduced IFS, denoted by A, of an IVIFS A with respect to the adjustable weight values of u 1 , u 2 , v 1 and v 2 is defined as By adjusting the values of u 1 , u 2 , v 1 and v 2 , an IVIFS A can be converted into the weighted reduced IFS as desired by a decision-maker.
Definition 9 (GOWA operator, Yager, 2004). A GOWA operator of dimension n is a mapping OWA : R n → R that has an associated weighting vector w = (w 1 , w 2 , . . . w n ) with w j ∈ [0, 1] and n j =1 w j = 1, such that GOWA(a 1 , a 2 , . . . , a n ) = n j =1 where b j is the j th largest of the a i , and δ is a parameter such that δ ∈ (−∞, ∞).
The quasi-arithmetic means are an important class of parameterized aggregation operators that have been used extensively in different application areas. It includes a wide range of aggregation operators such as arithmetic, quadratic, geometric, harmonic, rootpower, and exponential. Fodor et al. (1995) defined the quasi-ordered weighted averaging (quasi-OWA) operator as follows.
Definition 10 (Quasi-OWA operator, Fodor et al., 1995). A quasi-OWA operator of dimension n is a mapping Quasi-OWA : R n → R that has an associated weighting vector w = (w 1 , w 2 , . . . w n ) with w j ∈ [0, 1] and n j =1 w j = 1, and a continuous strictly monotonic function g(•), such that Quasi-OWA(a 1 , a 2 , . . . , a n ) = g −1 where b j is the j th largest of the a i . The quasi-OWA operator is monotonic, commutative, bounded, and idempotent. If we consider different functions g(•) in the quasi-OWA operator, then we can obtain a group of particular cases.
In the next section, using the idea of weighted reduced IFS of an IVIFS, we propose a new similarity measure on interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets, called 'interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity' measure. One of the most significant features of the IVIFCS is that it can accommodate the decision maker's attitudinal character in the measuring process.

Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Cosine Similarity Based on Weighted Reduced Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets
We proceed with the following formal definition: Definition 11 (Interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measure). Let A and B be two IVIFSs defined in a finite universe of discourse X = {x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n } and two weight vectors be U = (u 1 , u 2 ) and V = (v 1 , v 2 ), u 1 , u 2 , v 1 , v 2 ∈ [0, 1] with u 1 + u 2 = 1, and v 1 + v 2 = 1. Then, according to Definition 7, the weighted reduced IFSs of the IVIFSs A and B are given as Thus, the weighted reduced IFSs of the IVIFSs A and B can be rewritten as Analogous to the cosine similarity measure for IFSs given in Eq. (4), an intervalvalued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measure based on the weighted reduced IFSs of IVIFSs A and B can be defined as follows The new measure C IVIFCS ( A, B) satisfies some important properties, which we study in the following theorems.
Proof. (a) It is evident that the property is true according to the cosine value of Eq. (18).
This proves the 'sufficiency' part of the statement. Next, suppose that From the well known Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we know and becomes equality if and only if This proves the theorem.
For proof of the further properties, we will consider separation of X into two parts X 1 and X 2 , such that And note that for all As also ∀x i ∈ X 2 , For weighted reduced IFSs of IVIFSs A and B, the inequalities (25) and (26) become and Proof. Using Definition 8, we have This proves the theorem.
(i) Let us consider the expression This proves the theorem.
Theorem 4. For A, B, C ∈ IVIFS(X), Proof. From Definition 8, we have and Adding Eq. (30) and Eq. (31), we get the result. This proves the theorem.
where A C and B C represent the complement of the weighted reduced IFSs of IVIFSs A and B, respectively.
Proof. (a) It follows from the relation of membership and non-membership of an element in a set and its complement. (b) It directly follows from Definition 11. (c) It simply follows (a) and (b). This proves the theorem.
By adjusting the values of u 1 , u 2 , v 1 and v 2 , we can obtain an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measure between the IVIFSs A and B as desired by a decision-maker.
Obviously, the C ω IVIFCS ( A, B) also satisfies the following properties: Proof. These properties can be proved easily on lines similar to the proof of Theorem 1.
Note that the cosine similarity measures defined in Eq. (18) and Eq. (35) are used the arithmetic average (AA) and weighted average (WA) for the normalization process. These measures do not provide flexibility/choices to the user in the aggregation stage. The OWA operator is a parameterized mean-like aggregation operator that reflects the uncertain nature of the decision-maker with the ability to generate an aggregating result lying between two extremes of minimum and maximum. In the past few years, the OWA operator has been used to normalize different measures, including distance measures (Merigó and Yager, 2013;Merigó andGil-Lafuente, 2011a, 2011b;Xu and Chen, 2008;Zhou et al., 2013;Zeng et al., 2017;Yu et al., 2015;Merigó and Casanovas, 2011;Xu, 2012), similarity measures (Zhou et al., 2014;Su et al., 2013), adequacy coefficient (Merigó and Gil-Lafuente, 2010), variance (Yager, 1996(Yager, , 2006Verma and Merigó, 2019). Motivated by the idea of generalized OWA operator (Yager, 2004), next, we propose an ordered weighted cosine similarity measure between IVIFSs. It is a similarity measure that cannot only emphasize the importance of the ordered position of each similarity value but also provide a parameterized family of cosine similarity between IVIFSs.
The main advantages of the OWIVIFCS measure are that it is not only a straightforward generalization of measure defined in Eq. (18), but also it can relive (or intensify) the influence of unduly large or unduly small cosine similarity value on aggregation result by assigning them low (or high) weights as per our requirements. Now consider the following numerical example to understand the computation procedure more clearly.   (2) Table 2.

the weighted reduced IFSs of the IVIFSs A and B.
Then Theorem 9 (Monotonicity-similarity measure).

where C IVIFCS ( A i , B i ) is the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measure between A i and B i , and C IVIFCS ( A i , C i ) is the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measure between A i and C i .
Theorem 10 (Monotonicity-parameter δ).

X} denote the weighted reduced IFSs of the IVIFSs A and B.
Then

Theorem 13 (Reflexivity). Let
Note that the proofs of these theorems are straightforward and thus omitted here.

Families of OWIVIFCS Measure
By using the different manifestation of the weighting vector w and parameter δ, we can obtain a wide range of particular types of OWIVIFCS measures. The selection of a weighting vector w and parameter δ depends on the decision maker's attitude towards specific considered problems.

Analysing the Weighting Vector w
By considering the different selections of the weighting vector, we are able to analyse the cosine similarity measure between two interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets from min. similarity to max. similarity.
It is interesting to note that the OWIVIFCS measure can be further generalized by using the quasi-OWA operator in place of GOWA. We call it quasi-OWIVIFCS measure. It can be defined as follows: Definition 13 (Quasi-ordered weighted interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measure). A quasi-OWIVIFCS measure based on the weighted reduced IFSs of IVIFSs is a mapping Quasi-OWIVIFCS : IVIFS(X) × IVIFS(X) → [0, 1] that has an associated weighting vector w = (w 1 , w 2 , . . . , w n ) with w j ∈ [0, 1] and n j =1 w j = 1, and defined by where (σ (1), σ (2), . . . , σ (n)) is any permutation of (1, 2, . . . , n), such that and C IVIFCS ( A j , B j ) denotes the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measure for element x j and g is a strictly continuous monotonic function.
As we can see, when g(t) = t δ , then the quasi-C OWIVIFCS ( A, B) measure becomes OWIVIFCS measure. Also, note that all the properties and particular cases associated with OWIVIFCS measure are also applicable in the quasi-OWIVIFCS measure.
Further, by assigning different functions to g(t), we can obtain a wide range of new cosine similarity measures for interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets.

Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Method Based on OWIVIFCS Measure
IVIFS is a suitable tool for better modelling the imperfectly defined facts and data, as well as imprecise knowledge. In this section, we present a 5-step method to solve a multiple criteria decision-making problem under an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment.

Method
Let O = (O 1 , O 2 , . . . , O m ) be a set of options and C = (C 1 , C 2 , . . . , C n ) be a set of criteria. Assume that the characteristics of the option O k in terms criteria C, entered by the decision-maker, are represented by the following IVIFSs: indicates the degree that the option O k satisfies the criterion denotes the degree that the option O k does not satisfy the criterion C i .
Using the OWIVIFCS measure defined in Eq. (36), we set out the following approach to solve multiple criteria interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy decision-making problems.

Numerical Example
In the following, we are going to consider a real-life numerical example to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method to multiple criteria decision making. To do so, we consider below a contractor selection decision-making problem for road development.
Example 2. Chile is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. In Chile, tourism has become one of the main sources of income for the people, especially living in its most extreme areas. In 2018, a record of a total of 7 million international tourists visited Chile. The online guestbook Lonely Planet listed 'Chile' as its number one tourist destination to visit in the year 2018. Chile is typically divided into three geographic areas: (1) Continental Chile (2) Insular Chile and (3) Chilean Antarctic Territory. Chile, with its unique natural features, attracts more and more tourists every year. The main attractions for tourists are places of natural beauty situated in the extreme areas of the country including San Pedro de Atacama, Valley of the Moon, Chungará Lake, Parinacota, Pomerape, Portillo, Valle Nevado, Termas de Chillán, Conguillío National Park, Laguna San Rafael National Park, Valparaíso. In order to promote and stimulate growth within Chile's tourism sector, the Chilean government wants to develop many road-building projects either to preserve the roads which are already built or to undertake new roads. To do so, the Chilean government had issued the global tender in leading newspapers to select the contractor for these projects and considered the following six criteria for it: (1) financial status (C 1 ); (2) organizational experience (C 2 ); (3) past performance and knowledge (C 3 ); (4) ability to deal with unanticipated problems (C 4 ); (5) completion time (C 5 ); and (6) (5) Ecoroads (O 5 ), bid for these projects. Here, the aim of the government is to recognize the best contractor among O k , (k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) who fulfills the desired goals of the project. A committee of experts (appointed by government officials) evaluates these contractors based on criteria C i and provides their evaluation information in the form of following interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets: The step-wise decision-making process as follows: Step 1: We obtain the ideal solution P as: Step 2: Using the formula defined in Eq. (58) to calculate C IVIFCS ( P i , O ki ) for each option O k (k = 1, 2, . . . , 5), taking different values of u 1 , u 2 , v 1 and v 2 . We have the following standard cases: (i) Optimistic case: Let u 1 = 0, u 2 = 1, v 1 = 1 and v 2 = 0, we get Table 2.
Step 4: Rank all the options O k (k = 1, 2, . . . , m) in accordance with the values of C δ OWIVIFCS ( P , O k ) in descending order. The results are presented in Table 8. As we can see, depending on the cosine similarity measure used, the ranking order of the available options is different. Therefore, depending on the similarity measure employed, the results may lead to different decisions. In this problem, the IVIFMAXCS is the most optimistic cosine similarity measure because it considers only the highest similarity value. On the other hand, IVIFMINCS is the most pessimistic one. The IVIFNORCS is a neutral measure because it gives the same weights to all the characteristics. From Table 8, it is also interesting to note that the ranking orders may vary according to the attitude of the decision-makers towards the considered problem. It is a natural phenomenon in real-world decision-making problems. Because an optimistic decisionmaker always chooses the upper values of the membership intervals and lower values of the non-membership intervals in the measuring process, whereas a pessimistic decisionmaker considers the lower value of the membership interval and the upper value of the non-membership interval. A neutral decision-maker always concentrates on the central values of both intervals. Further, in order to validate the performance of the developed different cosine similarity measures, a comparative study has been conducted and analysed in detail. Based on the normal distribution method (Xu, 2005), we obtain the optimal ordered weight vector w = (0. 1400, 0.1710, 0.1890, 0.1890, 0.1710, 0.1400) associated with the criteria. Then, the similarity values and the corresponding ranking order of the options are summarized in Table 9.
From Table 9, it has been observed that the option O 5 or option O 4 is the best alternative in most cases, whereas the option O 1 is the worst one. It is also worth to note that when tan −C OWIVIFCS is used to calculate the aggregated similarity value for different options, then the obtained ranking order coincides with the ranking order attained by IVIFMAXCS in all three cases.

Conclusions
In this paper, we have suggested a new and flexible method for measuring the similarity between interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Using the idea of weighted reduced in- (continued on next page) tuitionistic fuzzy sets, the work has developed a new interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measure and proved some of its basic and essential properties. Its fundamental advantage is the ability to combine the subjective knowledge and attitudinal character of the decision-maker in measuring the process of similarity degree. Further, we have defined the ordered weighted interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measure. It is a similarity measure that uses the notion of GOWA in the normalization process of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity based on reduced intuitionistic fuzzy sets. This approach alleviates the influence of unduly large (or small) similarity values on aggregation results by assigning them low (or high) weights. Moreover, it also provides a parameterized family of cosine similarity measures from minimum cosine similarity to maximum cosine similarity between two interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets.
We have studied some of its main properties and particular cases. The use of quasi-arithmetic means under this framework has also been studied to obtain the quasi-ordered weighted interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measure. This cosine similarity measure includes a wide range of particular cases, including the OWIVIFCS measure, the trigonometric-OWIVIFCS measures, the exponential-OWIVIFCS measure, and the radical-OWIVIFCS measure.
The newly developed interval-valued intuitionistic cosine similarity measures can be applied in different real-world decision problems. This paper has focused on multiple criteria decision-making problems. We have developed a decision-making method based on OWIVIFCS to solve real-world decision problems with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information. Finally, a numerical example has been provided to illustrate the multiple criteria decision-making process. We have seen that this approach provides more information for decision making because it can consider a wide range of situations depending on the interest of decision-makers. The proposed approach also has some limitations. The developed interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy cosine similarity measures can be utilized in situations where the degrees of membership and non-membership values take interval numerical values. However, in many real-life situations, linguistic variables are used to represent qualitative information. These similarity measures cannot be utilized under the linguistic environment. So, we need a further study of these similarity measures with linguistic interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information.
In future research, we expect to develop further extensions by using more complex formulations, including the use of inducing variables, probabilities, moving averages, power averages, Bonferroni means, etc. Other important issues to consider are consensus (Chiclana et al., 2013;del Moral et al., 2018), large-scale decision-making Zhang et al., 2018), social networks decision making (Ureña et al., 2019). As we know, consensus measures play a very vital role in group decision-making problems. A high level of consensus among experts is needed before reaching a solution. We will also focus on the development of different consensus measures by utilizing proposed cosine similarity measures and study their applications in large-scale decision-making, social networks decision-making problems under different uncertain environments.